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Sebastian Petrycy

Sebastian Petrycy of Pilzno (1554–1626) was a Polish philosopher and physician. He lectured and published notable works in the field of medicine but is principally remembered for his masterly Polish translations of philosophical works by Aristotle and for his commentaries to them. Petrycy made major contributions to nascent Polish philosophical terminology.^[1]

Life

Sebastian Petrycy received his Master of Arts degree at Kraków in 1573 and his doctor of medicine degree at Padua in 1590.^[2]

Petrycy published his Polish translations of Aristotle's practical works, the Ethics, Politics and Economics, together with his own extensive commentaries. In these, he laid stress, in the theory of knowledge, on experiment and induction; in psychology, on feeling and will; and in politics, he preached democratic ideas.^[3] The focus of his thought was practical philosophy, ethics and politics. His interest in practical questions and his linking of philosophical theory with the needs of national life was a feature common to Petrycy and to leading Polish thinkers of periods that were to follow.^[4]

In 1601-18, a period when translations into modern languages were still rarities, he accomplished masterful translations of Aristotle's practical works into Polish. With Petrycy, vernacular Polish philosophical terminology began to develop not much later than did the French and German.^[5] This was an auspicious beginning, but would be neglected in the 17th and 18th centuries.^[6]

Petrycy practiced medicine in Lwów and at the side of Wojewoda Jerzy Mniszech, whom he accompanied to Moscow in 1606.^[7]

In 1608–17 Petrycy lectured in medicine at the Kraków Academy.^[8] His medical writings, which included De natura, causis, symptomatis morbi gallici eiusque curatione...,^[9] combined deductive reasoning with observation and experiment. An educator and practicing physician, he worked especially among the poor populace.^[10]

Wojciech Oczko

Wojciech Oczko
Commemorative plaque in Iwonicz-Zdrój depicting Wojciech Oczko
Born	1537 Warsaw
Died	26 December 1599 Lublin
Ethnicity	Polish
Occupation	Physician

Wojciech Oczko (also known as Ocellus) (1537, Warsaw - 26 December 1599 Lublin) – philosopher, doctor, Royal Secretary to King Sigismund II Augustus, and court physician to kings Sigismund II Augustus, Stephen Báthory, and Sigismund III Vasa. One of the founders of Polish medicine, syphilis and medical writers.

Life

Oczko's father was the Warsaw cartwright, Stanisław Oczko. Wojciech began his education at the town and cathedral school schools in Warsaw. In 1559 he began entered the Jagiellonian University, earning his baccalaureus in 1562. He returned to Warsaw for a time and taught at the cathedral school there. In 1565 he left the Polish capitol to study at the Univerisities of University of Padua and University of Bologna, where he earned a doctorate in medicine. He travelled to Spain and France, where he spent time in Montpellier In 1569 Oczko returned to Warsaw and began to practice medicine at the St. Martin's Hospital. He then served for a time as personal physician to the Cracow bishop Franciszek Krasiński, and from 1576-1582 (with some breaks) as the court physician to Stephen Báthory. On the king's recommendation, Oczko studied the mineral springs at Szkło (now Shklo, Ukraine) and Jaworów (now Yavoriv, Ukraine). At the end of his career, Oczko served as personal physician to Sigismund III Vasa. In 1598 Oczko moved to Lublin, where he died a year later.

In 1574 Oczko married Elżbieta Obrąpalska (widow of Stanisław Obrąpalski), and after her death, married again, this time to Jadwiga Umięcka in 1596. Neither marriage produced any children.

Works

Oczko wrote to major works in Polish about anatomy and surgery, as well as dietetics, in the process formalizing a number of terms in Polish medical terminology. The publication date of Cieplic (1578) is symbolically considered to be the foundation of the sanatorium at Iwonicz-Zdrój, whose mineral waters are described in the work.

• Cieplice Kraków: Oficyna Łazarzowa, 1578; repr., Warszawa: E. Klink, 1881 (with Przymiot); partially printed in W. Taszycki, Wybór tekstów staropolskich XVI-XVIII wieku, Lwów, 1928; 2nd ed., Warszawa 1955.
  • Foundational work of Polish balneology. Classifies mineral waters and springs in Poland, and describing how they might be used in curing patients.
• Przymiot. Kraków, 1581; repr. E. Klink, Warszawa, 1881.
  • Contains a summary of the then current medical understanding of syphilis.

Bibliography

• Bibliografia Literatury Polskiej – Nowy Korbut, vol. 3 Piśmiennictwo Staropolskie, pp. 28–29. Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1965.
• Kucharz, Eugene J., Marc A. Shampo, and Robert A. Kyle, "Wojciech Oczko—Famous Polish Physician." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 66, no. 8 (1991): 817.

• Jędrzej Śniadecki

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    (Redirected from Jedrzej Sniadecki)

  Jędrzej Śniadecki
  1843 painting by Aleksander Sleńdziński
  Born	30 November 1768 Żnin, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
  Died	12 May 1838 (aged 69) Vilnius
  Resting place	Rossa Cemetery
  Nationality	Polish
  Occupation	Writer, physician, chemist, biologist
  Children	Ludwika Śniadecka (1802-1866)
  Relatives	Jan Śniadecki (brother)

  Jędrzej Śniadecki (archaic English: Andrew Sniadecki; 30 November 1768 – 12 May 1838) was a Polish writer, physician, chemist and biologist. His achievements include the creation of modern Polish terminology in the field of chemistry.

  Contents

  • 1 Life and work
  • 2 See also
  • 3 Notes
  • 4 Further reading

  Life and work

  Śniadecki was born in Żnin in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. After completing his university studies, he was chosen to be the first professor of medicine and chemistry at the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's "Main School," which in 1803 was renamed the Imperial University of Vilna. One of his students was Ignacy Domeyko. Śniadecki was also one of the main organizers and head of the recently created Wilno Medical-Surgical Academy. From 1806-36 he headed the local Medical Scientific Society, one of the premier scientific societies in the region.

  Śniadecki's most important book was Początki chemii (The Beginnings of Chemistry), the first Polish-language chemistry textbook, prepared for the Commission of National Education. It was considered one of the best Polish scientific textbooks of the age and was used in Polish universities well into the 1930s. Śniadecki was also known as a writer of less serious works; a co-founder of Towarzystwo Szubrawców (the Wastrel Society), he contributed articles to its satirical weekly, Wiadomości Brukowe (The Gutter News). He also wrote copiously in Wiadomości Wileńskie (The Vilnius' News), the largest and most prestigious daily in Vilnius.

  In 1807, Śniadecki announced he had discovered a new metal in platinum and called it "vestium". Three years later, Académie de France published a note saying that the experiment could not be reproduced. Discouraged by this, Śniadecki dropped all his claims and did not talk about vestium anymore. Nevertheless, there have been speculations that this new element was ruthenium, found thirty-seven years later by Karl Klaus. However, they are not accepted by modern sources.^[1]

  Jędrzej was the brother of Jan Śniadecki and father of Ludwika Śniadecka. He died in Vilnius and is buried at the Rasos Cemetery.

  Tytus Chałubiński

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

    (Redirected from Tytus Chalubinski)

  Tytus Chałubiński
  Tytus Chałubiński
  Born	29 December 1820 Poland
  Died	4 November 1889 (aged 68) Zakopane
  Occupation	Physician and co-founder of the Polish Tatra Society

  Tytus Chałubiński (Radom, 29 December 1820 – 4 November 1889, Zakopane) was a Polish physician and co-founder of the Polish Tatra Society.

  Chałubiński established tuberculosis sanatoria in Zakopane, in the Tatra Mountains. He was a professor at the Medical-Surgical Academy and Principal School in Warsaw.

  Józef Dietl

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  
  Józef Dietl
  
  A statue of Józef Dietl in Kraków by Xawery Dunikowski

  Józef Dietl (24 January 1804 in Podbuże near Sambor – 18 January 1878 in Kraków) was an Austrian-Polish physician born to an Austrian father and Polish mother. He studied medicine in Lviv and Vienna. He was a pioneer in balneology, and a professor of Jagiellonian University, elected as its rector in 1861. Dietl described the kidney ailment known as "Dietl’s Crisis" as well as its treatment.

  From 1866 to 1874 Józef Dietl was mayor of the city of Kraków.

  Benedykt Dybowski

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  
  Benedykt Dybowski

  Benedykt Tadeusz Dybowski (12 May 1833 – 31 January 1930) was a Polish^[1] naturalist and physician.

  Benedykt Dybowski was born in Adamaryni of Navahrudak Uyezd of Grodno Governorate in the Russian Empire and was the brother of the Polish naturalist Władysław Dybowski and the cousin of the French explorer Jean Dybowski.

  He studied at Minsk high school, and later medicine at Tartu (earlier Dorpat) University (Estonia). He later studied at Wroclaw University and went on expeditions to seek and study oceanic fishes and crustaceans. He became a Professor of Zoology at the Warsaw main school.

  In 1864 he was arrested and condemned to death for taking part in the Polish January Uprising. His sentence was later reduced to 12 years in Siberia.

  He started studying the natural history of Siberia and in 1866 a governor Muraviov dismissed Dybowski from hard labour (katorga), renewed his civil rights and proposed him to work as a doctor in hospital.

  He later settled in the small village Kultuk and began a detailed study of Baikal Lake with some technical support from the Russian Geographical Society. He served as a medical doctor for the indigenous population of Kamchatka, the Aleutian Islands, the Commander Islands, Bering Island, making four trips per year around the populated areas there.

  After returning from Asia he continued research work at Lviv University. He was a president of the Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists (1886–87).

  In 1927 the Academy of Sciences in the USSR elected Dybowski as a member-correspondent. Apart from that in 1921 Dybowski was given an honorary doctorate by the Warsaw's University, and in 1923 by the University of Wilno. On Dybowski's 95th birthday he was congratulated by the Shevchenko Scientific Society government.

  Dybowski spent the last years of his life in Lwów, in his house on Kubanskaia 12. Dybowski died at the age of 97. He is buried in Lwów on the Łyczakowski Cemetery among the participants of the Polish Uprising of 1863.

  Most of his collection of zoological and botanical specimens is now in the Lwów Zoological museum.

  An amphipod (Gammaracanthuskytodermogammarus loricatobaicalensis), supposedly from Lake Baikal and named by him^[2] was once considered the longest scientific name. However, that name is no longer considered valid.

  In February 2014, traveller Jacek Pałkiewicz unvelied a memorial plaque to Dybowski in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski.

  Henryk Jordan

  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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  Henryk Jordan, founding father of the Polish physical-education movement.

  Henryk Jordan (23 July 1842, Przemyśl – 16 May 1907, Kraków), was a Polish philanthropist, physician and pioneer of physical education in Poland. A professor of obstetrics from 1895 at Kraków's Jagiellonian University, Jordan became best known for organizing children’s playgrounds, called "Jordan’s Gardens" after him.

  Contents

  • 1 Life
  • 2 Legacy
  • 3 References
  • 4 See also

  Life

  Henryk Jordan was born into an impoverished noble szlachta family from the village of Zakliczyn. His father, Bonifacy Jordan, gave private lessons. His mother, Salomea Wędrychowska, was a homemaker.

  Jordan received his high-school education in Tarnopol and Tarnów. In 1861, however, he took part in pro-Polish demonstrations for which he was threatened with expulsion from school. In 1862 he moved to Trieste and a year later passed his high-school examinations, in Italian, with honors.

  Jordan began his university studies in Vienna, and from 1863 continued them at Kraków's Jagiellonian University. He passed his science examinations in 1867 but did not receive his master's degree due to pneumonia. He went to Berlin and from there to New York City. While there, Jordan for the first time encountered the "Swedish school of gymnastics" for girls and young women, which became an area of interest for him.

  
  Plaque commemorating Henryk Jordan, on Kraków's Wiślna Street.

  While in the USA, Jordan began his medical practice and also opened a school for midwives. After returning to Europe, he continued to work first in England, then in Germany. Back in Kraków, Jordan took on a number of social functions. From 1895 to 1901 he was an Member of Parliament representing the city at the Polish Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria. In addition, Jordan presided over the Kraków Gynecological Society, as well as the Society of Medical Doctors, and the Association of Polish Teachers of Higher Education (a precursor to Polish Teachers' Union). Thanks to his efforts, physical education classes were introduced as compulsory into all Polish schools.

  Henryk Jordan's biggest achievement was to set up a public playground in 1889, with exercise fixtures modeled after playgrounds in the USA, the first in Kraków and perhaps the first in Europe. The Jordan’s Garden built on the grounds of Kraków’s Błonia included a swimming pool, 12 playing and soccer fields, as well as numerous running and exercise tracks. Facilities were added for indoor activities in 1906, in case of bad weather. The park was equipped with locker rooms and showers. On top of that, a free meal service was established for the children.

  Legacy

  Jordan believed that: “Being serious and working all the time is humanly impossible. A tired body requires rest, as does an overburdened spirit striving for joy.”

  "Jordan’s gardens" took off like wildfire. They were opened in Warsaw, Płock, Kalisz and Lublin. In 1928 a Society for Jordan’s Gardens was established to oversee the construction of recreational facilities in interwar Poland.